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	<title>Law and Lawyers Inside &#187; Articles</title>
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	<description>law of attraction</description>
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		<title>Payday Loan at Fast Cash Online</title>
		<link>http://www.billycasazza.com/241/payday-loan-at-fast-cash-online</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Jul 2010 02:06:55 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Payday loan will become something useful when you are in financial crisis because it is possible to get urgent cash to pay off any of short spending needs. The fact shows that many people can live with peace of mind after taking payday loan for urgent cash, which is why you should consider taking the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">Payday loan will become something useful when you are in financial crisis because it is possible to get urgent cash to pay off any of short spending needs. The fact shows that many people can live with peace of mind after taking payday loan for urgent cash, which is why you should consider taking the loan as solution to get out of financial crisis. Make sure you come to Fastcashonline.Com for instant access of payday loan online.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">When you are about to cover any of short spending needs, it seems that <a href="http://www.fastcashonline.com/" target="_blank">payday loans</a> will be effective. One thing to consider taking out the loan is that you do not need to provided collateral and a stack of documents. Here at Fast Cash Online, you will come across application form where you can put loan request up to $1500 in many cases. Whether or not you have good credit score, you still have an opportunity to apply for payday loans.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">What you have to do now is to make an online application through provided facility of Fast Cash Online and then wait for loan funding within 24 hours in many cases. To get instant access of payday loan, you have to stick with all recommended steps.</p>
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		<title>Payday Loan for Urgent Cash</title>
		<link>http://www.billycasazza.com/239/payday-loan-for-urgent-cash</link>
		<comments>http://www.billycasazza.com/239/payday-loan-for-urgent-cash#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Jul 2010 00:19:31 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[It is undeniable that the number of  people  who are living in poverty increasing over time. The underlying cause  of such condition is obvious due to recent global crisis. However, it  will be unwise to blame global crisis to do nothing. Everybody needs  to survive to continue life and therefore [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">It is undeniable that the number of  people  who are living in poverty increasing over time. The underlying cause  of such condition is obvious due to recent global crisis. However, it  will be unwise to blame global crisis to do nothing. Everybody needs  to survive to continue life and therefore he or she has to strive hard  to seek effective solution. As an alternative, those who are looking  for financial assistance may come to Pacificadvance.Com.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pacific Advance is a loan portal where  all it takes to apply for <a href="http://www.pacificadvance.com/" target="_blank">payday  advance</a> accessible. Not to  mention, there is no need to be complicated to get started for payday  loan since all things especially designed to meet convenience. If you  agree with payday loan as solution to your financial insecurity, then  proceed to fill out provided form as your loan request. Once you have  submitted the application, you can get urgent cash the next day  (conditions  and terms apply).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">It seems that you should take your time  to check out loan overview before applying for payday loan. This is  important to increase your understanding of payday loan online. All  you have to do now is to stumble upon Pacific Advance and then make  a decision on applying for payday loan.</p>
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		<title>You Need a Personal Injury Lawyer After A Motorcycle Accident</title>
		<link>http://www.billycasazza.com/236/you-need-a-personal-injury-lawyer-after-a-motorcycle-accident</link>
		<comments>http://www.billycasazza.com/236/you-need-a-personal-injury-lawyer-after-a-motorcycle-accident#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 30 May 2010 08:25:22 +0000</pubDate>
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		<category><![CDATA[personal injury]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[The economy is bad and gas prices are high, so you decided to get a motorcycle. You took all of the classes you could find, you wear all of the best safety equipment, and you are extremely careful every time you head out on your new bike. The wind whipping by you, the freedom that [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The economy is bad and gas prices are high, so you decided to get a motorcycle. You took all of the classes you could find, you wear all of the best safety equipment, and you are extremely careful every time you head out on your new bike. The wind whipping by you, the freedom that you feel, you absolutely love your motorcycle and can&#8217;t wait for those beautiful days when you can get out there. With more motorcycles on the road today as people try to save gas money, you figure that car and truck drivers would be more aware.</p>
<p>But that&#8217;s not the case and suddenly you find yourself laying on the road after an accident that was not your fault. Now your beautiful new bike is totaled and you are headed to the hospital with several injuries. Injuries so bad that it will cost you more than just a few days off work. Yet, you aren&#8217;t even worried about hiring a personal injury lawyer right now, after all, you can deal with all of this in time.</p>
<p>A couple of weeks later you find yourself not able to go back to work due to all of the injuries and therapy that you have to go through. Doctor&#8217;s appointments several times a week, pain medications, surgery, and just the day-to-day pain that you have to live with for the rest of your life. It doesn&#8217;t seem fair that all this happened as you were going about your daily business and happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time when that driver wasn&#8217;t looking. Although you have insurance, your bills are piling up and your vacation and sick time are getting used up.</p>
<p>The other driver was at fault, and now their insurance company is beating down your door trying to get you to take a quick settlement. They haven&#8217;t even seen the extent of your bills or injuries, and they don&#8217;t care. They simply want to get you paid off so they won&#8217;t get sued. You need a personal injury lawyer that can really help you and get you what you deserve.</p>
<p>Don&#8217;t just settle for the first personal injury attorney that you come across. You want someone that is experienced when it comes to the different laws that govern accidents in different areas. You know that experience is the bottom line and that this is what will really help you to get the compensation you deserve. You don&#8217;t need to try to deal with the insurance companies all alone, instead trust your case to an experienced motorcycle accident lawyer who will lessen your worries, stand at your side and advocate for you.</p>

	Tags: <a href="http://www.billycasazza.com/tag/personal-injury" title="personal injury" rel="tag">personal injury</a><br />

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	<li><a href="http://www.billycasazza.com/171/toronto-personal-injury-lawyers-for-your-legal-rights" title="Toronto personal injury lawyers for your legal rights! (April 16, 2010)">Toronto personal injury lawyers for your legal rights!</a> (0)</li>
	<li><a href="http://www.billycasazza.com/71/personal-injury-in-new-york" title="Personal Injury In New York (March 17, 2010)">Personal Injury In New York</a> (0)</li>
</ul>

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		<title>What is a Paralegal</title>
		<link>http://www.billycasazza.com/234/what-is-a-paralegal</link>
		<comments>http://www.billycasazza.com/234/what-is-a-paralegal#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 30 May 2010 08:22:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Paralegal]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Looking for information about paralegals? A paralegal is the assistant who does most of the delegated legal work that happens in a law office. Paralegals are frequently called legal assistants, and they often perform many of the same tasks that a lawyer will perform on a daily basis. Read on for more information about what [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Looking for information about paralegals? A paralegal is the assistant who does most of the delegated legal work that happens in a law office. Paralegals are frequently called legal assistants, and they often perform many of the same tasks that a lawyer will perform on a daily basis. Read on for more information about what to expect when you become a paralegal.</p>
<p><strong>What Paralegals Do</strong></p>
<p>A paralegal has the primary job duty of helping the lawyers they work with get ready for court, corporate meetings, and other responsibilities. A legal assistant does a lot of the preparation and investigation work that a lawyer needs ready before a trial starts. They may also handle most of the organization for a law office and work on the written reports, plans, and arguments that an attorney needs to make an argument. Many paralegals work on drafting a lot of the more regular paperwork an attorney has to handle as well.</p>
<p>Paralegals can end up working in just about any area of law, though once someone has been working as a legal assistant for awhile they may end up specializing in the the specific area their employer covers. The job of a paralegal will depend largely on the kind of company they are working for. A paralegal working for a corporation can end up working on employee contract issues and financial concerns, for example, while a paralegal working for the government may end up writing material that explains policies that the agency they work has in place.</p>
<p><strong>Who Employs Paralegals?</strong></p>
<p>Most law firms and legal offices need to hire paralegals to help with the work load. You can also find paralegals and legal assistance working with corporations and in government offices. Corporate legal assistants usually work a normal corporate work week, but paralegals who work in smaller law offices can sometimes end up working much longer hours during busy times of the year.</p>
<p>What Education to Get</p>
<p>There are a few colleges out there who offer bachelor&#8217;s and master&#8217;s degrees in paralegal studies, though finding a program like this can be difficult. Associates degrees are available in paralegal studies for people who are interested in getting into the field quickly. For someone who already has a bachelor&#8217;s degree it is possible to take a shorter training program that hands out a paralegal studies certificate. Sometimes someone will be hired and trained without taking a formal paralegal studies program first.</p>
<p><strong>Getting a Job As a Paralegal</strong></p>
<p>The job market for paralegals and legal assistants tends to get larger and smaller with the business market in general, though it is currently a job that is in high demand. It is safe to assume that paralegals will continue to be in demand as long as the population continues to rise, and the need for paralegals out side of law firm jobs is growing steadily as more and more corporations realize it is cheaper to keep their legal department in house. Some paralegals are able to work freelance as well by selling legal services to businesses and corporations that need it.</p>

	Tags: <a href="http://www.billycasazza.com/tag/paralegal" title="Paralegal" rel="tag">Paralegal</a><br />

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		<title>The Law of Attraction and Irritable Bowel Syndrome.</title>
		<link>http://www.billycasazza.com/232/the-law-of-attraction-and-irritable-bowel-syndrome</link>
		<comments>http://www.billycasazza.com/232/the-law-of-attraction-and-irritable-bowel-syndrome#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 08 May 2010 06:30:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
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		<category><![CDATA[law of attraction]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[IBS affects as much as 20% of people in USA and Europe. IBS symptoms are pains in the abdomen associated with altered bowel pattern and bloating. In addition there can be rectal symptoms such as irritation and urgency. Sometimes non-colonic symptoms can develop.
Treatments of IBS fall into four categories. Patient education, medication, dietary modification and [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>IBS affects as much as 20% of people in USA and Europe. IBS symptoms are pains in the abdomen associated with altered bowel pattern and bloating. In addition there can be rectal symptoms such as irritation and urgency. Sometimes non-colonic symptoms can develop.</p>
<p>Treatments of IBS fall into four categories. Patient education, medication, dietary modification and behavioural and psychological therapies are the four categories. Experts now agree that psychological and behavioural therapies are more likely to be effective that the other three.</p>
<p>You attract into your life whatever you think about according to the Law of Attraction. This generalisation in simple terms means that your thoughts determine your destiny. An enormous momentum was built up after a documentary film, “The Secrets”, was shown on Oprah. The Law of Attraction is used effectively for personal growth, financial success and achievements.</p>
<p>The question is: Does the Law of Attraction work in Medicine? A study done in 2004 on 314 elderly subjects and 196 young people associated with rumination and negative thoughts concluded that negative thoughts may be detrimental to health independently of effects. In Reikii, spiritual and personal development and all processes of healing is associated with removing negative Ki (Life Forces) from a person’s energy field, and removing negative feelings and thoughts that have created it.</p>
<p>Job loss, relationship break ups etc may lead to negative thoughts and self esteem. These people can feel worthless, insignificant, unsure and easily defeated. A person with high self-esteem has positive thoughts and their level of success is determined by these thoughts.</p>
<p>In Irritable Bowel Syndrome, does the Law of Attraction apply? What information is given to a person when first diagnosed with IBS? There are some common ones. We do not know why you have IBS.There is no one treatment that works for everyone. Your gut is normal. There is no cure. Stress plays an important role in IBS. You have to live with it. Most IBS sufferers complain that they do not get the support they need from health professionals.</p>
<p>All these facts are negative. Is it not likely that they can lead to negative thoughts in the minds of IBS patients and produce negative effects? Treatments that focus on the mind are now recommended by experts. These include psychotherapy and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Moss-Morris at the University of Southampton, UK said, “Patients who have ongoing IBS symptoms might benefit from a simple, early intervention of CGT, a means of changing thought processes from negative to positive that has been shown to be helpful.” Dr .J. Lackner at the State University of New York reported that after four brief sessions of CBT and a self-study manual given to patients, there was improvement in 73% of his IBS patients.</p>
<p>When a new treatment come on the market, an IBS patient will expectantly try it and may gain benefits. This benefit may not last long because of the negative underbelly (There is no cure.) in the subconscious mind. Soon the benefits may wear off.</p>

	Tags: <a href="http://www.billycasazza.com/tag/law-of-attraction" title="law of attraction" rel="tag">law of attraction</a><br />

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	<li><a href="http://www.billycasazza.com/3/how-to-master-the-secrets-of-the-law-of-attraction" title="How to Master The Secrets of The Law of Attraction (October 23, 2009)">How to Master The Secrets of The Law of Attraction</a> (0)</li>
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		<title>The Injustice of California&#8217;s Record Sealing Statute</title>
		<link>http://www.billycasazza.com/230/the-injustice-of-californias-record-sealing-statute-2</link>
		<comments>http://www.billycasazza.com/230/the-injustice-of-californias-record-sealing-statute-2#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 08 May 2010 06:28:29 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Injustice]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[If you were arrested and tried for a crime where there was not even &#8220;reasonable cause&#8221; to believe that you committed the crime, you can be left with a criminal record that will prevent you from getting a job, housing, volunteering in your children&#8217;s classroom, and other basic things that those with a clean criminal [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If you were arrested and tried for a crime where there was not even &#8220;reasonable cause&#8221; to believe that you committed the crime, you can be left with a criminal record that will prevent you from getting a job, housing, volunteering in your children&#8217;s classroom, and other basic things that those with a clean criminal record can do. All this damage comes from a crime that you clearly did not commit.</p>
<p>California&#8217;s record sealing statute, Penal Code section 851.8. is designed to prevent this gross injustice by allowing people who are found factually innocent to have all records of the arrest and court case sealed and destroyed. In most situations, the statute successfully balances state&#8217;s right to preserve information against an individual&#8217;s right to preserve their reputation. However, in a large number of situations, wrongfully-accused individuals are left with life-long damage caused by the records of arrests or court cases where they were factually innocent, but the statute does allow for the records to be sealed.</p>
<p>The California Department of Justice (CDOJ) keeps a complete criminal history on every person who has ever been arrested or charged in court with a criminal offense. This report is commonly referred as a rap sheet or background report. Among other things, the rap sheet shows the date, location, and reason for the arrest or court case. Even if a person is found innocent or if the charges are dropped, the record of the arrest and any court case is shown on the individual&#8217;s rap sheet.</p>
<p>Unlike reports kept by credit bureaus or the Department of Motor Vehicles who only report negative history for a limited number of years, once something appears on the CDOJ rap sheet, it stays forever; unless the individual successfully petitions to have the record of the arrest and trial sealed. A successful petition to have a record sealed with wipe clean any evidence of the arrest or court case from the CDOJ rap sheet.</p>
<p>The CDOJ will only release the rap sheet to authorized state agencies for limited purposes or to the individual who requests their own rap sheet by filing paper, submitting fingerprints, and paying nominal fee (which can be waived for individuals who cannot afford the fee). Despite an apparent attempt to keep the rap sheet from public disclosure, raps sheets are widely used for private purposes. According to a 1996 study by the Society for Human Resource Management, 80 percent of mid-size to large employers conducted criminal background checks to screen potential employees. That is up 26 percent from 199?. Rap sheets are often required by a wide range of other individuals and organizations, from landlords to Little Leagues.</p>
<p>The information contained on rap sheets often determines which applicant gets such things as housing, employment, or the ability to interact with their children. There is no law in California that prevents these decisions being made on the basis of arrests or charges for which the person was factually innocent. Accordingly, it makes good public policy sense to have rap sheets be as accurate and free of information that would wrongly prejudice an individual. California&#8217;s record sealing law gives most wrongfully accused clearing their rap sheet of negative information. </p>

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		<title>Legal Consciousness and Responses to Sexual Harassment</title>
		<link>http://www.billycasazza.com/228/legal-consciousness-and-responses-to-sexual-harassment</link>
		<comments>http://www.billycasazza.com/228/legal-consciousness-and-responses-to-sexual-harassment#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 08 May 2010 06:27:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Legal Consciousness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sexual Harassment]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.billycasazza.com/?p=228</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Studies of legal mobilization often focus on people who have perceived some wrong, but these studies rarely consider the process that selects them into the pool of potential &#8220;mobilizers.&#8221; Similarly, studies of victimization or targeting rarely go on to consider what people do about the wrong, or why some targets come forward and others remain [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Studies of legal mobilization often focus on people who have perceived some wrong, but these studies rarely consider the process that selects them into the pool of potential &#8220;mobilizers.&#8221; Similarly, studies of victimization or targeting rarely go on to consider what people do about the wrong, or why some targets come forward and others remain silent. We here integrate sociolegal, feminist, and criminological theories in a conceptual model that treats experiencing sexual harassment and mobilizing in response as interrelated processes. We then link these two processes by modeling them as jointly determined outcomes and examine their connections using interviews with a subset of our survey respondents. Our results suggest that targets of harassment are selected, in part, because they are least likely to tell others about the experience. We also discuss strategies that workers employ to cope with and confront harassment. We find that traditional formal/informal dichotomies of mobilization responses may not fully account for the range of ways that individuals respond to harassment, and we propose a preliminary typology of responses.</p>
<p>How do individuals respond when they feel their rights have been violated? Do those who perceive a wrong simply tell the wrongdoer, do they tell others, or do they ignore it? Following Ewick and Silbey&#8217;s (1998) groundbreaking work on the common place of law, a growing body of literature has taken up these and related questions of legal consciousness and mobilization (e.g., Albiston 2005; Connolly 2002; Fleury-Steiner 2003; Hoffman 2005; Litowitz 2000; Lovell 2006; Marshall 2005; Marshall &#038; Barclay 2003; Richman 2001). Central to these studies are the interrelated processes by which individuals first come to experience or perceive some wrong and then do something about it. In this study of sexual harassment, we attempt to link these two processes &#8211; in this case, subjectively experiencing sexual harassment and then going on to tell a supervisor or government agency that it has occurred. We also examine how individuals respond to harassment and why they employ particular response strategies. We find multidimensional responses to harassment, such that traditional formal/ informal dichotomies may not adequately account for the diversity of strategies that individuals employ. We therefore propose a preliminary multidimensional typology of mobilization responses. </p>

	Tags: <a href="http://www.billycasazza.com/tag/legal-consciousness" title="Legal Consciousness" rel="tag">Legal Consciousness</a>, <a href="http://www.billycasazza.com/tag/sexual-harassment" title="Sexual Harassment" rel="tag">Sexual Harassment</a><br />

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		<title>Dynamic of Corporate Self-Regulation: ISO 14001, Environmental Commitment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, The</title>
		<link>http://www.billycasazza.com/226/dynamic-of-corporate-self-regulation-iso-14001-environmental-commitment-and-organizational-citizenship-behavior-the</link>
		<comments>http://www.billycasazza.com/226/dynamic-of-corporate-self-regulation-iso-14001-environmental-commitment-and-organizational-citizenship-behavior-the#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 08 May 2010 06:26:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Environmental Commitment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ISO 14001]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.billycasazza.com/?p=226</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This article examines the institutional impact of environmental management systems (EMSs), focusing on ISO 1400 1. It develops a pluralistic framework for thinking about the dynamic of corporate self-regulation that we term the polyphonic model. It argues that the adoption of ISO 14001 can move the firm into a new equilibrium trajectory, which enmeshes together [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This article examines the institutional impact of environmental management systems (EMSs), focusing on ISO 1400 1. It develops a pluralistic framework for thinking about the dynamic of corporate self-regulation that we term the polyphonic model. It argues that the adoption of ISO 14001 can move the firm into a new equilibrium trajectory, which enmeshes together environmental and economic goals and reflects greater sensitivity to ecological concerns. There is a positive reciprocal cycle between the pro-environmental structural changes induced by ISO 14001 and the employees&#8217; attitudes toward the firm and the environment. In order to examine ISO 14001 institutional impact, we conducted a series of interviews with managers and administered questionnaires to employees in 24 Israeli firms with and without certification. The findings indicate that the perceived environmental commitment of certified firms was higher than that of noncertified firms and was higher among employees that perceived the EMS as more highly integrated in the firm. Perceptions of the standard&#8217;s integration were also found to be positively correlated with personal environmental commitment. The results also indicate that the increase in the firm&#8217;s environmental commitment was positively associated with employees&#8217; organizational citizenship behavior within certified firms. Further indications of the pro-environmental dynamic induced by ISO 14001 were found in the in-depth interviews.</p>
<p>Over the last years, the environmental regulation system has undergone radical changes. Various private normative schemes play an increasingly important role in this new regulatory sphere. One of the main questions raised by this process is whether, and to what extent, private regulatory arrangements can replace public regulation. The question of the efficacy of private regulatory schemes reflects a broader dilemma concerning the circumstances under which firms will take environmental actions that go beyond what is prescribed by law. This article explores this question, focusing on the ISO 14001 environmental management system (EMS), which is the most common voluntary environmental standard in the world (ISO 2008: 10), serving also as the EMS of the EU eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS).1</p>
<p>In exploring the puzzle of the efficacy of EMSs, we draw on a new model of the firm that we term the polyphonic model. According to this model, which is inspired by the writings of Luhmann and Nelson, firms and other organizations are depicted as dynamic, self-organized decision-processing systems, which can accommodate multiple logics and cultural themes. We argue that this model provides a coherent framework for thinking about the way in which different logics intertwine in the context of the modern corporation. </p>

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		<title>Law, Finance, and Politics: The Case of India</title>
		<link>http://www.billycasazza.com/224/law-finance-and-politics-the-case-of-india</link>
		<comments>http://www.billycasazza.com/224/law-finance-and-politics-the-case-of-india#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 08 May 2010 06:24:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.billycasazza.com/?p=224</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The liberalization of India&#8217;s economy since 1991 has brought with it considerable development of its financial markets and supporting legal institutions. An influential body of economic scholarship asserts that a country&#8217;s &#8220;legal origin&#8221; &#8211; as a civilian or common law jurisdiction &#8211; plays an important part in determining the development of its investor protection regulations, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The liberalization of India&#8217;s economy since 1991 has brought with it considerable development of its financial markets and supporting legal institutions. An influential body of economic scholarship asserts that a country&#8217;s &#8220;legal origin&#8221; &#8211; as a civilian or common law jurisdiction &#8211; plays an important part in determining the development of its investor protection regulations, and consequently its financial development. An alternative theory claims that the determinants of investor protection are political, rather than legal. We use the case of India to test these theories. We find little support for the idea that India&#8217;s legal heritage as a common law country has been influential in speeding the path of regulatory reforms and financial development. Rather, we suggest there are complementarities between (1) India&#8217;s relative success in services and software; (2) the relative strength of its financial markets for outside equity, as opposed to outside debt; and (3) the relative success of stock market regulation, as opposed to reforms of creditor rights. We conclude that political economy explanations have more traction in explaining the case of India than do theories based on &#8220;legal origins.&#8221;</p>
<p>A growing literature emphasizes the importance of legal institutions for economic development. Within this tradi�on, an influential claim is that a country&#8217;s &#8220;legal origin&#8221; significantly affects the evolution of its legal rules, in particular as they relate to finance. An alternative claim asserts that the development of legal rules is more closely influenced by national political choices and interest group lobbying. This article uses the case oflndia, one of the world&#8217;s most significant developing economies, as a case study for exploring the applicability of these theories.</p>
<p>The Indian economy, subject to central planning from independence in 1947, liberalized dramatically in 1991. Since then, there have been rapid and far-reaching law reforms intended to ensure that legal institutions keep pace with the needs of the growing economy. To shed light on the mechanisms by which these legal changes were brought about, and their relationship with the needs of investors, we conducted interviews with a range of Indian lawyers, policy makers, regulators, judges, businesspeople, and investors. We focused our enquiries on changes to the legal protection of outside investors: that is, shareholders and creditors. These yielded interesting findings as regards both the modalities of legal change and its relationship with development. </p>

	Tags: <a href="http://www.billycasazza.com/tag/finance" title="Finance" rel="tag">Finance</a>, <a href="http://www.billycasazza.com/tag/law" title="law" rel="tag">law</a>, <a href="http://www.billycasazza.com/tag/politics" title="Politics" rel="tag">Politics</a><br />

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		<title>Egypt: Free Blogger Held Under Emergency Law</title>
		<link>http://www.billycasazza.com/222/egypt-free-blogger-held-under-emergency-law</link>
		<comments>http://www.billycasazza.com/222/egypt-free-blogger-held-under-emergency-law#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 06 May 2010 08:29:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Emergency Law]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Egypt accepted the Council&#8217;s recommendation that &#8220;emergency powers should not be abused or used against journalists and bloggers in their exercise of their right to freedom of expression,&#8221; but rejected as &#8220;factually inaccurate&#8221; the recommendation to &#8220;release bloggers and activists currently detained under the Emergency Law and cease its arrests and detention of political activists.&#8221;
&#8220;Egypt [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Egypt accepted the Council&#8217;s recommendation that &#8220;emergency powers should not be abused or used against journalists and bloggers in their exercise of their right to freedom of expression,&#8221; but rejected as &#8220;factually inaccurate&#8221; the recommendation to &#8220;release bloggers and activists currently detained under the Emergency Law and cease its arrests and detention of political activists.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;Egypt keeps pointing to the prevalence of websites and newspapers in Egypt as evidence of its respect for free speech,&#8221; Whitson said, &#8220;But its continued imprisonment of writers undermines this claim.&#8221;</p>
<p> letter to Human Rights Watch, the Foreign Affairs Ministry said that: &#8220;preventative measures were taken to protect Hany Nazeer Aziz&#8217;s life in light of the anger and the strong uprising of the Muslims in Abu Tesht in Qena caused by his blog, which included pictures insulting to sacred Islamic symbols in addition to a novel that  includes insults to Islam and the Prophet which Nazeer published.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;The right way to protect Nazeer is not by imprisoning him, but by prosecuting those threatening his security,&#8221; Whitson said. &#8220;The government does nothing to foster an atmosphere of tolerance and respect for the views of others when it jails those who have controversial views.&#8221;</p>
<p>Under the emergency law, the interior minister may order a person&#8217;s detention without charge for 45 days, and indefinitely renew the order. After 30 days, a detainee can appeal before the state security court. The court can confirm the detention or order the person&#8217;s release. The Interior Ministry may appeal a release order, but the court makes a final decision.</p>
<p>The Egyptian government repeatedly has cited the fact that emergency law detention orders are subject to judicial review as evidence that detainees have legal protections. Yet although the Emergency State Security High Court has ordered Hany Nazeer&#8217;s release five times, on appeals filed through defense lawyers from the Arab Network for Human Rights Information,  most recently on March 6, security officials continue to detain him. The court&#8217;s April 3 order followed an Interior Ministry appeal of the March 6 decision.</p>
<p>A researcher from the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights told Human Rights Watch that after this decision, security officials moved Nazeer for a few days to a police station in Qena. But the Interior Ministry issued a new detention order and moved Nazeer back to Borg El Arab prison, where he remains.</p>
<p>&#8220;Security officials&#8217; disregard for court decisions shows that they operate outside the law and basically do whatever they want,&#8221; said Whitson. &#8220;The government should immediately charge or release all of the thousands of administrative detainees who remain held under the emergency law.&#8221;</p>
<p>As party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Egypt is obliged under article 9 to ensure that there is no arbitrary deprivation of liberty and to provide an effective remedy for violations. Under article 19, it is bound to protect freedom of expression. Limited derogations from these articles are allowed in a state of emergency, but the state of emergency in Egypt does not meet the applicable criteria under international law.</p>
<p>In a report on his 2009 visit to Egypt, Martin Scheinin, UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, expressed concern about the abuse of the emergency law and said that a state of emergency must be a temporary tool. He said that the emergency law that has been &#8220;almost continuously in force for more than 50 years in Egypt is not a state of exceptionality; it has become the norm, which must never be the purpose of a state of emergency.&#8221; He recommended that Egypt &#8220;abolish any legal provisions allowing for administrative detention and take effective measures to release or bring to trial all detainees currently subjected to that regime.&#8221;</p>
<p>Since 2005, the Egyptian government has promised to end the state of emergency and repeal the emergency law, yet it now appears clear that the government will once more renew the state of emergency, which will expire in May. On February 10, the Egyptian daily Al Shorouk quoted Mufid Shehab, minister for legislative affairs, as saying, &#8220;Any one of us would love Egypt to function under the penal code, but all indications urge us to extend the state of emergency given the sectarian tensions and violence that surround us on all sides in Iraq, Sudan, Lebanon, and Palestine.&#8221;  Thousands of prisoners are detained without charge under the emergency law, many for over a decade. In April, security forces beat up and arrested a group of young demonstrators calling for an end to the state of emergency.</p>
<p>&#8220;The unfettered powers granted to the government to detain anyone they want, at any time, for just about any reason makes real political reform in Egypt impossible,&#8221; Whitson said. &#8220;If the government renews this law once again in May, it will only perpetuate its abusive, unchecked rule over the people of Egypt.&#8221; </p>

	Tags: <a href="http://www.billycasazza.com/tag/emergency-law" title="Emergency Law" rel="tag">Emergency Law</a><br />

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